The present article hence starts by describing the geometrical repartition of carbon atoms in fullerenes that can be inscribed in an icosahedron. It will be considered that the most stable configurations imply that most carbons bear an electrical charge with three bonds and sometimes the possibility that some bonds are broken leaving some neutral carbons with two single bonds.įor the sake of example, the authors have chosen to focus on fullerenes having a regular repartition of pentagons, using the Euler characteristic. The present paper focuses on the consequences of carbon bonding capacities on the bonding pattern in fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and closed-end carbon nanotubes. Auvert has proposed that only electrically charged carbon atoms can erect three bonds, whereas neutral carbon atoms may only have 2 or 4 bonds. ![]() The generally accepted bonding rules impose two single bonds and one double bond. In graphene, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes alike, each carbon atom has three neighbors. Numerous characterizations where performed to understand the exact arrangement of carbons, bring to light hexagonal rings of carbon with a few pentagon rings. This surface has nearly the same bonding structure as graphene resembling a rolled sheet of graphene. ![]() Fullerenes are composed of carbon atoms forming nearly spherical molecules, with a solid surface around an empty volume. These were later experimentally produced in complex conditions involving vaporizing graphite with laser irradiation. Osawa predicted the existence of a sphere formed with 60 carbons, the first fullerene. Both have crystalline structures, in which carbon atoms are neutral atoms with a tetravalent bonding structure. ![]() Before the discovery of fullerenes, the known allotropes of carbon were diamond and graphite.
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